Alabama K–6 english language arts standards

Use speech that is understandable with only grade-appropriate errors.

Use word endings to indicate plurals, possessives, and verb tenses in speech.

Use age-appropriate irregular plurals in conversation.

Listen to others and take turns speaking, carrying on a conversation through multiple exchanges.

Actively engage in teacher-led reading experiences and collaborative discussions with peers to build background knowledge needed to be successful as they learn to read and, later, read to learn.

Actively participate in teacher-led choral and shared reading experiences.

With guidance and support, ask and answer questions to seek help, get information, or clarify information presented orally, through text, or other media.

Speak audibly and express thoughts, feelings, and ideas clearly.

Describe people, places, things, and events with relevant details in a story with three to five events.

Uses spatial and temporal concepts correctly.

Restate and follow one- and two-step directions.

Recognize and demonstrate that print conveys meaning.

With prompting and support, explain the roles of the author and illustrator of a text.

Track print, moving left to right and top to bottom on the printed page, returning to the beginning of the next line.

Identify the beginning and end of a sentence by locating the capital letter and end punctuation.

Point to words using one-to-one correspondence, noting that words are separated by spaces.

Distinguish letters from words within sentences.

Compare and contrast letters based upon similarities and differences, including name, shape, sound, and approach strokes for writing.

Count the number of words in a spoken sentence.

Recognize alliterative spoken words.

Recognize and produce pairs of rhyming words and distinguish them from non-rhyming pairs using pictures and/or spoken words.

Count, blend, and segment syllables in spoken words, including compound words.

Blend and segment onsets and rimes of single-syllable spoken words.

Identify the initial, final, and medial sounds of spoken words.

Blend and segment phonemes in single-syllable spoken words made up of three to four phonemes.

Distinguish between commonly confused cognate consonant sounds, using knowledge of voiced and unvoiced sounds and manner of articulation.

Produce the most frequent sound(s) for each consonant, including <em>x</em> and <em>q</em>, which have two phonemes (sounds).

Identify the vowel in a closed syllable and produce the short vowel sound for the five major vowels when decoding closed syllables.

Decode consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) words in isolation and in decodable text.

Identify the vowel in an open syllable and produce the long vowel sound for the five major vowels when decoding open syllables.

With prompting and support, identify the vowel-consonant-e syllable pattern and produce the long vowel sounds for the five major vowels in vowel-consonant-e syllables.

With prompting and support, decode words with suffix <em>-s</em>, using knowledge of unvoiced <em>/s/</em> and voiced <em>/z/</em> sounds for letter <em>s</em>.

With prompting and support, produce the most frequent sound for digraphs <em>ck, sh, th, ch, wh, ng</em>, and combination <em>qu</em>, making the connection that a two-letter grapheme can represent one phoneme (sound).

Distinguish between similarly spelled words by identifying the phonemes and graphemes that differ.

Decode grade-appropriate high frequency words that are spelled using predictable, decodable phoneme-grapheme correspondences.

Recognize and name all upper and lower case letters in non-sequential order with accuracy and automaticity.

Arrange and name letters of the alphabet in sequential order from a to <em>z</em>, with accuracy and automaticity.

With prompting and support, recognize and name digraphs <em>ck, sh, th, ch, wh, ng</em>, and combination <em>qu</em>.

Apply previously-taught phoneme-grapheme correspondences to decodable words with accuracy and automaticity, in and out of context.

Orally read and reread grade-appropriate decodable texts smoothly, accurately, and expressively, at an appropriate rate to support comprehension.

Recognize and read grade-appropriate high frequency words with accuracy and automaticity.

With guidance and support, orally utilize new academic, content-specific, grade-level vocabulary and relate new words to prior knowledge.

Identify new meanings for familiar words and apply them accurately.

Describe the relationship between words, including relating them to synonyms and antonyms.

Name and sort pictures of objects into categories based on common attributes while relating vocabulary to prior knowledge and building background knowledge.

Use previously-taught vocabulary words, including nouns, verbs, and adjectives, in speaking and writing.

Use new words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading and being read to, and responding to text.

Use content knowledge built during read-alouds of informational texts by participating in content-specific discussions with peers and/or through drawing or writing.

With prompting and support, manipulate words and/or phrases to create simple sentences, including declarative and interrogative, to help build syntactic awareness and comprehension at the sentence level.

With prompting and support, identify common types of texts and their features, including literary, informational, fairy tale, and poetry.

With prompting and support, identify the topic of texts, using titles, headings, illustrations, and text clues.

With prompting and support, describe the relationship between illustrations and the text in which they appear.

With prompting and support, retell a text orally, including main character(s), setting, and important events in logical order.

With prompting and support, use text clues to determine main ideas and make predictions about an ending in a literary text.

With prompting and support, identify the main topic and key details in an informational text.

With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about key details in literary and informational texts.

With prompting and support, self-monitor comprehension of text by pausing to summarize and rereading for clarification, when comprehension is lacking.

Distinguish between literary texts and informational texts.

Compare and contrast the experiences of characters in a literary text.

Compare and contrast two informational texts on the same topic.

Express ideas orally and connect these ideas through drawing and emergent writing.

Print upper and lower case letters using proper approach strokes, letter formation, and line placement.

With prompting and support, print first and last names using proper letter formation, capitalizing only the first letter of each name.

With prompting and support, use lower case letters in majority of written work, using capitals only when appropriate.

Encode at the phoneme level, using the most common grapheme/spelling(s), for a spoken phoneme (sound).

With prompting and support, encode vowel-consonant (VC) and consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) words, while using some knowledge of basic position-based rules for spelling English words.

With prompting and support, encode grade-appropriate high frequency words that follow regular phoneme-grapheme correspondences.

With prompting and support, encode grade-appropriate high frequency words that follow regular phoneme-grapheme correspondences and patterns in all but one position, pointing out the part of the word that does not follow the regular pattern.

With prompting and support, transcribe spoken words to demonstrate that print represents oral language.

With prompting and support, compose a simple sentence, including necessary components to create a complete sentence rather than a fragment.

With prompting and support, identify the role or purpose of a noun and a verb within a sentence and the type of information it conveys.

With prompting and support, write the correct number of words, with proper spacing, for a spoken phrase or sentence.

With prompting and support, begin each sentence with a capital letter.

With prompting and support, capitalize the pronoun <em>I</em> and names of individuals.

With prompting and support, recognize, name, and correctly use end punctuation.

Actively participate in shared writing experiences to create messages, lists, and labels for a drawing or illustration.

Actively participate in shared writing experiences to create narratives with the events in chronological order and share feelings about the story, using drawing, dictating, and/or writing.

Actively participate in shared writing experiences to create opinion pieces about a topic or text, state the opinion, supply a reason for the opinion, and provide a sense of closure, using drawing, dictating, and/or writing.

Actively participate in shared writing experiences to create explanatory texts or provide factual information about a topic, using drawing, dictating, and/or writing.

With prompting and support, compose writing for varied purposes and audiences, across different genres.

Improve pictorial and written presentations, as needed, by planning, revising, editing, and using suggestions from peers and adults.

Include information recalled from personal experiences in research and writing projects.

Gather information from provided sources for research and writing projects.

With guidance and support, use a variety of digital tools to produce and publish writing, working both independently and collaboratively with peers.

Utilize active listening skills during discussion and conversation in pairs, small groups, or whole-class settings, following agreed-upon rules for participation.

Use knowledge of phoneme-grapheme correspondences and word analysis skills to decode and encode words accurately.

Expand background knowledge and build vocabulary through discussion, reading, and writing.

Use digital and electronic tools appropriately, safely, and ethically for research and writing, both individually and collaboratively.

Utilize the writing process to plan, draft, revise, edit, and publish writings in various genres.

Engage in collaborative discussions about topics and texts with peers and adults in small and large groups, utilizing agreed-upon rules.

Actively participate in shared reading experiences and collaborative discussions to build background knowledge and learn how oral reading should sound.

Ask and answer questions to seek help, get information, or clarify information to confirm understanding in response to information presented in audible, text, or digital format.

Orally describe people, places, things, and events, expressing ideas with relevant details.

Explain the roles of author(s) and illustrator(s).

Count, blend, segment, and delete syllables in spoken words, including polysyllabic words.

Recognize and produce groups of rhyming words and distinguish them from non-rhyming groups of spoken words.

Produce alliterative words.

Blend and segment phonemes in single-syllable spoken words made up of three to five phonemes, including words with consonant blends.

Add, delete, and substitute phonemes at the beginning or end of spoken words made up of three to five phonemes, and produce the resulting word.

Distinguish long from short vowel sounds in spoken, single-syllable words.

Distinguish between commonly-confused vowel sounds and commonly-confused cognate consonant sounds, using knowledge of mouth position, voiced and unvoiced sounds, and manner of articulation.

Identify the sound substitution in words with five to six phonemes.

Produce the most frequent sound(s) for each letter of the alphabet, including <em>x, q</em>, and the long and short sounds of the vowels.

Decode and encode regularly-spelled, one-syllable words with closed syllables, open syllables, and vowel-consonant-e syllables, including words with blends in initial and final position.

Decode words with digraphs, trigraphs, and combinations, including digraphs <em>ck, sh, th, ch, wh, ph, ng</em>, trigraphs <em>tch</em> and <em>dge</em>, and combination <em>qu</em>.

Decode words with <em>a</em> after <em>w</em> read <em>/ä/</em> and <em>a</em> before <em>l</em> read <em>/â/</em>.

With prompting and support, decode words with the hard and soft sounds of <em>c</em> and <em>g</em>, in context and in isolation

Decode words with vowel <em>y</em> in the final position of one and two syllable words, distinguishing the difference between the long <em>/ī/</em> sound in one-syllable words and the long <em>/ē/</em> sound in two-syllable words, and words with vowel <em>y</em> in medial position, producing the short <em>/ĭ/</em> sound for these words.

Decode regularly spelled one-syllable words with vowel-r syllables, including <em>ar, er, ir, or</em>, and <em>ur</em>.

With prompting and support, decode words with common vowel team syllables, including <em>ai, ay, ee, ea, igh, ie, oa, ou, ow, au, aw, oe, oo, ew, oi, oy</em>, and <em>ue</em>.

With prompting and support, decode words that follow the <em>-ild, -ost, -old, -olt</em>, and <em>-ind</em> patterns.

With prompting and support, decode two-syllable words using knowledge of closed syllables, open syllables, vowel-consonant-e syllables, vowel-r syllables, common vowel team syllables, and consonant-le syllables, including compound words that fit multiple syllable types.

With prompting and support, decode words with silent letter combinations.

With prompting and support, decode words with common prefixes including <em>un-, dis-, in-, re-, pre-, mis-, non-</em>, and <em>ex-</em>.

With prompting and support, decode words with common suffixes, including words with dropped <em>e</em> and <em>y</em>-to-<em>i</em> changes for suffix addition.

Decode contractions with <em>am, is, has</em>, and <em>not</em>.

Decode grade-appropriate high frequency words that are spelled using predictable, decodable phoneme-grapheme correspondences.

Apply previously-taught phoneme-grapheme correspondences to decodable words with accuracy and automaticity, in and out of context.

Read and reread grade-appropriate decodable text orally with accuracy and expression at an appropriate rate to support comprehension.

Recognize and self-correct decoding and other errors in word recognition and reread for clarification.

Participate in poetry reading, noticing phrasing, rhythm, and rhyme.

Read high-frequency words commonly found in grade-appropriate text.

Make connections to a word's structure using knowledge of phonology, morphology, and orthography of the word to aid learning.

Identify possessives and plurals and use them as clues to the meaning of text.

Identify meaningful parts of words (morphemes) and use them as clues to the meaning of unknown words, including frequently occurring affixes and inflections -s, -es, -ed, -ing, -er, and -est.

Describe word relationships and nuances in word meanings, including relating them to their opposites and distinguishing shades of meaning in similar or related words.

Use information found within the text to determine the meaning of an unfamiliar or multiple-meaning word or phrase.

Sort and categorize groups of words or pictures based on meaning, and label each category.

Identify and explain adjectives as descriptive words and phrases in all forms of texts, including poems.

Use grade-appropriate academic vocabulary in speaking and writing.

Use content knowledge built during read-alouds of informational and literary texts by participating in content-specific discussions with peers and/or through drawing and writing.

Manipulate words and/or phrases to create simple sentences, including declarative and interrogative, to help build syntactic awareness and comprehension at the sentence level.

Identify common types of texts and their features, including literary, informational, fairy tale, and poetry.

Use text features to locate key facts or information in printed or digital text.

Identify the main topic and key details of literary and informational texts.

Ask and answer questions about key details in literary and informational texts.

Describe the characters and settings, using illustrations and textual evidence from a story.

Retell the plot or sequence of major events in chronological order.

Use the term narrator to refer to the speaker who is telling the story.

Describe connections between two individuals, events, ideas, or pieces of information, including cause and effect, sequence, and problem and solution, in a literary text.

With prompting and support, use textual evidence to explain the central message or moral of a literary text.

Make predictions using information found within a literary text.

Self-monitor comprehension of text by pausing to summarize or rereading for clarification when comprehension is lacking.

Compare and contrast characters, settings, and major events in literary texts.

Describe the connections between individuals, events, ideas, or pieces of information in an informational text.

Point out similarities and differences between two texts on the same topic.

Print upper and lowercase letters fluently, using proper approach strokes, letter formation, and line placement.

Print first and last names using proper letter formation, capitalization, and punctuation.

Use lower case letters in the majority of written work, using capitals only when appropriate.

Write letters of the English alphabet in alphabetical order from memory.

Encode vowel-consonant (VC) and consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) words, while using some knowledge of basic position-based rules for spelling English words in closed syllables.

Encode consonant-vowel (CV) words using knowledge of open syllable patterns.

Encode words with two-consonant blends in beginning position, including blends that are commonly confused with other spellings, by distinguishing the placement and action of the lips, teeth, and tongue during articulation.

Encode words with consonant digraphs using knowledge that one sound may be spelled with two letters.

Encode words with vowel-consonant-e syllable patterns.

With prompting and support, encode words with the common vowel teams and diphthongs.

With prompting and support, encode words with vowel-r combinations <em>ar, or, er, ir</em>, and <em>ur</em>.

With prompting and support, encode words with final <em>/ch/</em> sound spelled <em>-ch</em> and <em>-tch</em>.

With prompting and support, encode words with final <em>/f/, /l/</em>, and <em>/s/</em> sounds in one-syllable base words by doubling the final consonant when it follows a short vowel sound.

Encode words with final <em>/v/</em> sound, using knowledge that no English word ends with a <em>v</em>.

Encode grade-appropriate high frequency words that follow regular phoneme-grapheme correspondences.

Encode grade-appropriate high frequency words that follow regular phoneme-grapheme correspondences and patterns in all but one position, pointing out the part of the word that does not follow the regular pattern.

Encode words with suffixes <em>-s, -es, -ing, -ed, -er</em>, and <em>-est</em>.

With prompting and support, encode words with common prefixes <em>re-, un-</em>, and <em>mis-</em>.

With prompting and support, encode frequently confused homophones, using knowledge of English and meaning to facilitate learning.

Identify the required features of a sentence, including capitalization of the first word and end punctuation.

Transcribe spoken words to demonstrate that print represents oral language.

Compose a simple sentence, including a subject and a predicate, that expresses a complete thought.

With prompting and support, identify the role or purpose of a noun, verb, and adjective within a sentence and describe the type of the information it conveys.

Write the correct number of words, with proper spacing, for a spoken phrase or sentence.

Begin each sentence with a capital letter.

Capitalize the pronoun <em>I</em>, and names of individuals.

Use commas in dates and words in a series.

With prompting and support, recognize, name, and correctly use end punctuation, utilizing appropriate academic vocabulary.

Actively participate in shared writing experiences to compose and develop a well-organized paragraph with a topic sentence, details to support, and a concluding sentence.

With prompting and support, write a narrative that recounts two or more appropriately sequenced events using transitions, incorporating relevant details, and providing a sense of closure.

With prompting and support, write an informative or explanatory text about a topic, using facts from a source and providing a sense of closure.

With prompting and support, write an opinion piece about a topic, including at least one supporting reason from a source and providing a sense of closure.

With prompting and support, write simple poems about a chosen subject.

Develop and edit first drafts using appropriate spacing between letters, words, and sentences and left-to-right and top-to-bottom progression.

Improve writing, as needed, by planning, revising, and editing with guidance from peer editors, responding to their questions and suggestions.

Describe ideas, thoughts, and feelings, using adjectives, drawings, or other visual displays to clarify.

Organize a list of words into alphabetical order according to the first and (when necessary) second letters of the words.

Recall information from experiences to contribute to shared research and writing projects.

Gather information from provided sources.

Use a variety of digital tools to produce and publish writing with guidance and support from adults, working both individually and in collaboration with peers.

Participate in conversations and discussions with groups and peers utilizing agreed-upon rules.

Use oral language for different purposes: to inform, to entertain, to persuade, to clarify, and to respond.

Use complex sentence structures when speaking.

Ask and answer questions to seek help, clarify meaning, or get information.

Demonstrate oral literacy skills by participating in a variety of oral language activities.

Orally answer <em>who, what, when, where, why</em>, and <em>how</em> questions about a text or conversation, using complete sentences to provide key ideas and details.

Create recordings of stories or poems.

Use visual aids and technology in oral presentations to present key ideas and details about a text or conversation, and add drawings or other visual displays to stories or recounts of experiences when appropriate to clarify thoughts, feelings, and ideas.

Use collective nouns.

Form and use frequently-occurring irregular plural nouns.

Use reflexive pronouns.

Form and use past tense forms of frequently-occurring irregular verbs.

Use adjectives and adverbs.

Produce and expand complete simple and compound sentences when speaking.

Apply knowledge of voiced and unvoiced sounds and manner of articulation to distinguish between commonly-confused vowel sounds and commonly-confused cognate consonant sounds.

Add, delete, and substitute phonemes at the beginning, end, or middle of a spoken word made up of up to six phonemes and produce the resulting word.

Delete the initial sound in an initial blend in a one-syllable base word.

With prompting and support, delete the medial and final sounds in blends in one syllable base words.

Apply phoneme chaining that changes only one sound at a time to show addition, deletion, substitution, and resequencing of sounds from one word to the next.

With prompting and support, reverse sounds within a word by saying the last sound first and the first sound last.

Decode multisyllabic words with common syllable patterns, including open/closed, vowel-r, vowel-consonant-e, vowel teams, consonant-le, and <em>schwa</em> syllables.

Apply knowledge of multisyllabic word construction and syllable division principles to decode grade-appropriate multisyllabic words.

Decode and encode words with three-consonant blends and blends containing digraphs.

Decode and encode words with consonant digraphs, trigraphs, and combinations.

Decode and encode words with variable vowel teams and vowel diphthongs.

Decode and encode words with vowel-r combinations.

Decode and encode words that follow the <em>-ild, -ost, -old, -olt</em>, and <em>-ind</em> patterns.

Decode and encode words with <em>a</em> after <em>w</em> read <em>/ä/</em> and <em>a</em> before <em>l</em> read <em>/â/</em>.

Decode and encode words with <em>or</em> after <em>w</em> read <em>/er/</em>.

Decode and encode words with the hard and soft sounds of <em>c</em> and <em>g</em>, in context and in isolation.

Decode and encode words with vowel <em>y</em> in the final position of one and two syllable words, distinguishing the difference between the long <em>/ī/</em> sound in one-syllable words and the long <em>/ē/</em> sound in two-syllable words, and words with vowel <em>y</em> in medial position, producing the short <em>/ĭ/</em> sound for these words.

Decode words with silent letter combinations.

Decode and encode words with prefixes and suffixes, including words with dropped <em>e</em> and <em>y-to-i</em> changes for suffix addition.

Decode and encode grade-appropriate high frequency words that are spelled using predictable, decodable phoneme-grapheme correspondences, including those that contain only one irregularity.

Decode and encode contractions with <em>am, is, has, not, have, would</em>, and <em>will</em>.

Apply previously-taught phoneme-grapheme correspondences to multisyllabic words with accuracy and automaticity, in and out of context.

Read and reread grade-appropriate text accurately, automatically, and with meaningful expression at a rate which supports comprehension.

Read grade-appropriate poetry, noticing phrasing, rhythm, and rhyme.

Read high-frequency words commonly found in grade-appropriate text.

Make connections to a word's structure using knowledge of phonology, morphology, and orthography of the word to aid learning.

Use knowledge of antonyms and synonyms.

Distinguish shades of meaning among verbs and adjectives.

Use knowledge of homophones to determine use of the correct word.

With prompting and support, interpret figurative language.

Identify possessives and plurals and use them as clues to the meaning of text.

Identify meaningful parts of words (morphemes) and use them as clues to the meaning of unknown words, including base words, compound words, and frequently occurring affixes and inflections.

Use dictionary definitions and information found within the text to help determine meaning of unfamiliar or multi-meaning words.

Identify new vocabulary and the use of word meanings in text to establish real-life connections.

Use grade-level academic and domain-specific vocabulary to gain meaning from text.

Use grade-level academic and domain-specific vocabulary in writing.

Use content knowledge built during read-alouds and independent reading of informational and literary texts by participating in content-specific discussions with peers and/or through writing.

Explain the plot of a narrative, using textual evidence to list the major events in sequence.

Describe the characters' traits, feelings, and behaviors in a story.

Describe the setting of a narrative, using textual evidence.

Identify the central message or moral of a story.

Identify the theme in myths, fables, and folktales.

Explain how the supporting details contribute to the main idea.

Recount or summarize key ideas from the text.

Identify and locate captions, bold print, subheadings, indexes, graphs, maps, glossaries, and illustrations.

Explain how specific features can clarify a text or enhance comprehension.

Compare and contrast different versions of the same story by different authors, from different cultures, or from different points of view.

Compare and contrast story elements of literary texts.

Identify the text structures within literary and informational texts, including cause and effect, problem and solution, and sequence of events.

Establish a purpose before reading literary and informational texts to enhance comprehension.

With prompting and support, identify and interpret various cohesive devices that help link words and sentences to one another within the text as a scaffold to help build comprehension at the sentence and paragraph level.

State and confirm predictions about a text.

Use background knowledge to make connections to new text.

Draw conclusions based on the text.

Use information from a text to determine the author's purpose in different forms of informational and literary texts.

Identify rhyme schemes in poems or songs.

Read and identify types of poems, including free verse, rhymed verse, haiku, and limerick.

Use prior knowledge and information gathered from research to evaluate opinions in texts.

Use textual evidence and gathered research from reliable sources to prove facts.

Demonstrate listening skills and build background knowledge by asking and answering questions about texts read aloud.

Manipulate words and/or phrases to create simple and compound sentences, including coordinating conjunctions <em>for, and, nor, but, or, yet</em>, and <em>so</em>, to help build syntactic awareness and comprehension at the sentence level.

Write words and sentences fluently using correctly-formed manuscript letters with appropriate size and spacing.

Demonstrate cursive writing strokes, including undercurve, overcurve, downcurve, and slant.

Form uppercase and lowercase letters in cursive.

Encode grade-appropriate multisyllabic words using knowledge of syllable types, including open, closed, vowel-consonant-e, vowel teams, vowel-r, and consonant-le.

Apply knowledge of multisyllabic word construction and syllable division principles to encode grade-appropriate words correctly.

Encode words with final <em>/v/</em> and <em>/j/</em> sounds using knowledge that no English word ends with a v or j.

Encode one- and two-syllable words with long and short vowel patterns.

Encode words with two- and three-consonant blends, including those containing digraphs.

Encode words with consonant digraphs, trigraphs, and combinations.

Encode words with the common vowel teams, including diphthongs.

Encode words with vowel-r combinations.

Encode words that follow the <em>-ild, -ost, -old, -olt</em>, and <em>-ind</em> patterns.

Encode words with <em>a</em> after <em>w</em> read <em>/ä/</em> and <em>a</em> before <em>l</em> read <em>/â/</em>.

Encode words with <em>or</em> after <em>w</em> read <em>/er/</em>.

Encode words with hard and soft <em>c</em> and <em>g</em>.

Encode words with vowel <em>y</em> in the final position of one and two syllable words, distinguishing the difference between the long <em>/ī/</em> sound in one-syllable words and the long <em>/ē/</em> sound in two-syllable words, and words with vowel <em>y</em> in medial position, producing the short <em>/ĭ/</em> sound for these words.

Encode words with prefixes and suffixes, including words with dropped <em>e</em> and <em>y-to-i</em> changes for suffix addition.

Encode grade-appropriate high frequency words that are spelled using predictable, decodable phoneme-grapheme correspondences, including those that contain only one irregularity.

Encode contractions with <em>am, is, has, not, have, would</em>, and <em>will</em>, using apostrophes appropriately.

Encode frequently confused homophones accurately, using knowledge of English orthography and meaning to facilitate learning.

Organize a list of words into alphabetical order according to first, second, and third letters.

Write a personal or fictional narrative using a logical sequence of events, including details to describe actions, thoughts, and feelings and providing a sense of closure.

Write informative or explanatory texts, introducing the topic, providing facts and relevant details to develop points, and providing a conclusion.

Write an opinion piece about a topic or text with details to support the opinion, using transitional words and providing a sense of closure.

Utilize commas with words in a series in a sentence.

Use apostrophes to form contractions and possessives.

Use punctuation to set off interjections.

Expand sentences using frequently-occurring conjunctions.

With prompting and support, compose and develop a well-organized paragraph with a topic sentence, details to support, and a concluding sentence.

Identify the role of a noun, verb, adjective, and adverb within a sentence and explain the type of the information it conveys.

Form regular nouns and verbs by adding <em>-s</em> or <em>-es</em>.

Form and use simple present and past verb tenses.

Form plurals by changing <em>-y</em> to <em>-ies</em>.

Form and use frequently-occurring irregular plural nouns and verbs.

Use plural possessives.

Create topics of interest for a research project.

Create questions to gather information for a research project.

Find information from a variety of sources.

Define <em>plagiarism</em> and explain the importance of using their own words.

Concepts of Print

Elaborate on responses in conversations and discussions.

Use oral language for different purposes: to inform, to entertain, to persuade, to clarify, and to respond.

Apply oral literacy skills by participating in a variety of oral language activities.

Ask and answer questions using complete sentences and grade-level vocabulary.

Express ideas, opinions, and feelings orally in a logical sequence clearly, accurately, and precisely, using appropriate volume, clear pronunciation, and standard English grammar.

Use digital tools to enhance oral presentations, working collaboratively.

Delete phonemes in initial and final blends of a spoken word.

Substitute phonemes in initial and final blends in a spoken word.

Reverse phonemes in a spoken word.

In a series of words, apply phoneme chaining that changes only one sound at a time to show addition, deletion, substitution and resequencing of sounds from one word to the next.

Use knowledge of syllable and affix substitution and deletion to demonstrate morphological changes.

Decode multisyllabic words with common syllable patterns, including open/closed, vowel-r, vowel-consonant-e, vowel teams, consonant-le, and odd or <em>schwa</em> syllables.

Apply knowledge of multisyllabic word construction and syllable division principles to decode grade-appropriate multisyllabic words.

Decode and encode words with three-consonant blends, digraphs, trigraphs, quadrigraph <em>eigh</em>, combinations, diphthongs, and silent letter combinations.

Decode and encode words with graphemes that represent multiple sound-symbol correspondences by applying knowledge of most common to least common frequency.

Decode and encode multisyllabic words using knowledge of stress or accent to pronounce a word correctly, including the <em>schwa</em> sound when appropriate.

Decode and encode words using knowledge of the morphological structure of a word, including prefixes, suffixes, and roots.

Decode and encode contractions with <em>am, is, has, not, have, would</em>, and <em>will</em>.

Decode and encode frequently confused homophones accurately using knowledge of English and meaning to facilitate learning.

Decode and encode words with hard and soft <em>c</em> and <em>g</em>.

Decode and encode grade-appropriate high frequency words that follow regular and irregular phoneme-grapheme correspondences, using knowledge of the specific sound-symbol correspondences that are irregular.

Apply previously-taught phoneme-grapheme correspondences to multisyllabic words with accuracy and automaticity, in and out of context.

Read and reread grade-appropriate text accurately, automatically, and with meaningful expression at a rate which supports comprehension.

Read and reread grade-appropriate poetry, practicing phrasing, rhythm, rhyme, and meaningful expression.

Read high-frequency words commonly found in grade-appropriate text accurately and automatically.

Make connections to a word's structure using knowledge of phonology, morphology, and orthography of the word to aid learning.

Determine meaning of words using synonyms in context.

Determine meaning of words using antonyms as a clue.

Describe the similarities and differences between related words.