West Virginia K–6 english language arts standards

With prompting and support, retell familiar stories, including key details in literary texts.

With prompting and support, identify characters, settings, and major events in a literary text.

With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about key details in an informational text.

With prompting and support, identify the main topic and retell key details of an informational text.

With prompting and support, describe the connection between two individuals, events, ideas, or pieces of information in an informational text.

With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about unknown words in a literary text.

With prompting and support, recognize common types of texts.

With prompting and support, name the author and illustrator of a story and define the role of each in telling the story in a literary text.

With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about unknown words in an informational text.

With prompting and support, identify the front cover, back cover, and title page of a book.

With prompting and support, name the author and illustrator of a text and define the role of each in presenting the ideas or information in an informational text.

With prompting and support, describe the relationship between illustrations and the literary story in which they appear.

With prompting and support, compare and contrast the adventures and experiences of characters in familiar literary stories.

With prompting and support, describe the relationship between illustrations and the informational text in which they appear.

With prompting and support, identify the reasons an author gives to support points in a literary or informational text.

With prompting and support, identify basic similarities in and differences between two literary or informational texts on the same topic.

Actively engage in group reading activities of grade-appropriate complex literary texts with purpose and understanding.

Actively engage in group reading activities of grade-appropriate complex informational texts with purpose and understanding.

Use a combination of drawing, dictating, and writing to compose opinion pieces in which the topic or the name of the text being discussed is included; state an opinion or preference about the topic or book.

Use a combination of drawing, dictating, and writing to compose informative/ explanatory texts; name and supply some information about the topic.

Use a combination of drawing, dictating, and writing to narrate a single event or several loosely linked events, tell about the events in the order in which they occurred, and provide a reaction to what happened.

Begins in grade 3.

With guidance and support from adults and collaborative discussions, add details to strengthen writing as needed.

With guidance and support from adults, explore a variety of age-appropriate technologies to produce and publish writing as well as to interact and collaborate with others.

With guidance and support, participate in shared research and writing.

With guidance and support from adults, recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question.

Begins in grade 4.

Begins in grade 3.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions.

Continue a conversation through multiple exchanges.

Confirm understanding of a text read aloud or information presented orally or through other media by asking and answering questions about key details and requesting clarification if something is not understood.

Ask and answer questions in order to seek help, get information, or clarify something that is not understood.

Describe familiar people, places, things, and events and, with prompting and support, provide additional details.

Add drawings or other visuals to descriptions as desired to provide additional details.

Speak audibly and express thoughts, feelings, and ideas clearly.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of Standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.<ul><li>Use frequently occurring nouns and verbs.</li><li>Form regular plural nouns orally by adding /s/ or /es/.</li><li>Understand and use question words.</li><li>Use the most frequently occurring prepositions.</li><li>Produce and expand complete sentences in shared language activities.</li></ul>

Demonstrate command of the conventions of Standard English capitalization , punctuation, and spelling when writing.<ul><li>Capitalize the first word in a sentence and the pronoun I.</li><li>Recognize and name end punctuation.</li><li>Write a letter or letters for most consonant and short-vowel sounds.</li><li>Spell simple words phonetically, drawing on knowledge of sound-letter relationships.</li></ul>

Begins in grade 2.

Identify new meanings for familiar words and apply them accurately.

Introduce the most frequently occurring inflections and affixes as a clue to the meaning of an unknown word.

Sort common objects into categories to gain a sense of the concepts the categories represent.

Demonstrate understanding of frequently occurring verbs and adjectives by relating them to their opposites.

Identify real-life connections between words and their use.

Distinguish shades of meaning among verbs describing the same general action by acting out the meanings.

Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading, being read to, and responding to texts.

Read emergent- and beginner- reader texts with purpose and understanding.

Demonstrate basic knowledge of one-to-one letter-sound correspondences by producing the primary or many of the most frequent sounds for each consonant.

Associate common spellings with the five major short vowel sounds.

Read common high-frequency words by sight.

Distinguish between similarly spelled words by identifying the sounds of the letters that differ.

Print upper- and lowercase letters.

Recognize and produce rhyming words.

Count, pronounce, blend, and segment syllables in spoken words.

Blend and segment onsets and rimes of single-syllable spoken words.

Isolate and pronounce the initial, medial vowel, and final sounds in three-phoneme words (i.e., consonant-vowel-consonant, hereinafter CVC). This does not include CVCs ending with /1/, /r/ or /x/.

Add or substitute individual sounds in simple, one-syllable words to make new words.

With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about key details in a literary text.

Follow words from left to right, top to bottom, and page by page.

Recognize that spoken words are represented in written language by specific sequences of letters.

Understand that words are separated by spaces in print.

Recognize and name upper- and lowercase letters of the alphabet.

Ask and answer questions about key details in a literary text.

Print all upper- and lowercase letters using proper letter formation and directionality.

Retell stories, including key details, and demonstrate understanding of their central idea or lesson in literary texts.

Describe characters, settings, and major events in a story, using key details in literary texts.

Ask and answer questions about key details in an informational text.

Identify the main topic and retell key details of an informational text.

Describe the connection between two individuals, events, ideas, or pieces of information in an informational text.

In literary texts, identify words and phrases in stories or poems that suggest feelings or appeal to the senses.

Explain major differences between books that tell stories and books that give information, drawing on a wide reading of a range of literary text types.

Identify who is telling the story at various points in a literary text.

Ask and answer questions to help determine or clarify the meaning of words and phrases in an informational text.

Know and use various text features to locate key facts or information in an informational text.

Distinguish between information provided by pictures or other illustrations and information provided by the words in an informational text.

Use illustrations and details in a story to describe its characters, setting, or events in literary texts.

Compare and contrast the adventures and experiences of characters in stories in literary texts.

Use the illustrations and details in a text to describe its key ideas in informational texts.

Identify the reasons an author gives to support points in an informational text.

Identify basic similarities in and differences between two informational texts on the same topic.

With prompting and support, read literary texts of appropriate complexity for grade 1.

With prompting and support, read informational texts of appropriate complexity for grade 1.

Write opinion pieces by introducing the topic or name of the text being discussed, stating an opinion, supplying a reason for the opinion, and providing some sense of closure.

Write informative/explanatory texts by naming a topic, supplying some facts about the topic, and providing some sense of closure.

Write narratives to recount two or more appropriately sequenced events, include some details regarding what happened, use transitional words to signal event order, and provide some sense of closure.

Begins in Grade 3.

With guidance and support from adults and collaborative discussions, focus on a topic and add details to strengthen writing as needed.

With guidance and support from adults, use a variety of age-appropriate technologies to produce and publish writing as well as to interact and collaborate with peers.

Participate in shared research and writing.

With guidance and support from adults, recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question.

Begins in grade 4.

Begins in grade 3.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions.

Build on others' talk in conversations by responding to the comments of others through multiple exchanges.

Ask questions to clear up any confusion about the topics and texts under discussion.

Ask and answer questions about key details in a text read aloud or information presented orally or through other media.

Ask and answer questions about what a speaker says in order to gather additional information or clarify something that is not understood.

Describe people, places, things, and events with relevant details, expressing ideas and feelings clearly.

Add drawings or other visuals to descriptions when appropriate to clarify ideas, thoughts, and feelings.

Produce complete sentences when appropriate to task and situation.

Use common, proper, and possessive nouns.

Use singular and plural nouns with matching verbs in basic sentences.

Use personal, possessive and indefinite pronouns.

Use verbs to convey a sense of past, present, and future.

Use frequently occurring adjectives.

Use frequently occurring conjunctions.

Use determiners (e.g., a, the, most, this one, third).

Use frequently occurring prepositions.

Produce and expand complete simple and compound declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences in response to prompts.

Capitalize dates and names of people.

Use end punctuation for sentences.

Use commas in dates and to separate single words in a series.

Use conventional spelling for words with common spelling patterns and for frequently occurring irregular words. Spell untaught words phonetically, drawing on phonemic awareness and spelling conventions.

Begins in grade 2.

Use sentence-level context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use frequently occurring affixes as a clue to the meaning of a word.

Identify frequently occurring root words and their inflectional forms (e.g., looks, looked, and looking).

Sort words into categories to gain a sense of the concepts the categories represent.

Define words by category and by one or more key attributes.

Identify real-life connections between words and their use.

Distinguish shades of meaning among verbs differing in manner.

Distinguish shades of meaning among adjectives differing in intensity by defining or choosing them or by acting out the meanings.

Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading, being read to, and responding to texts; use frequently occurring conjunctions to signal simple relationships.

Read grade-level text with purpose and understanding.

Read grade-level text orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression on successive readings.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Know the spelling-sound correspondences for common consonant digraphs.

Decode regularly spelled one-syllable words.

Know final -e and common vowel team conventions for representing long vowel sounds.

Use knowledge that every syllable must have a vowel sound to determine the number of syllables in a printed word.

Decode two-syllable words following basic patterns by breaking the words into syllables.

Read words with inflectional endings.

Recognize and read grade-appropriate irregularly spelled words.

Distinguish long from short vowel sounds in spoken single-syllable words.

Orally produce single-syllable words by blending sounds, including consonant blends.

Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel, and final sounds in spoken single-syllable words.

Segment spoken single-syllable words into their complete sequence of individual sounds.

Recognize the distinguishing features of a sentence, including first word, capitalization, and ending punctuation.

Ask and answer such questions as who, what, where, when, why, and how to demonstrate understanding of key details in literary text.

Recount stories, including fables and folktales from diverse cultures and determine their central idea, lesson, or moral in literary text.

Describe how characters in a story respond to major events and challenges in literary text.

Ask and answer such questions as who, what, where, when, why, and how to demonstrate understanding of key details in informational text.

Identify the main topic of a multi-paragraph text as well as the focus of specific paragraphs within informational text.

Describe the connection between a series of historical events, scientific ideas or concepts, or steps in technical procedures in an informational text.

Describe how words and phrases in literary text supply rhythm and meaning in a story, poem, or song.

Describe the overall structure of a story , including describing how the beginning introduces the story and the ending concludes the action in literary text.

Acknowledge differences in the points of view of characters, including by speaking in a different voice for each character when reading dialogue aloud from literary text.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases in informational text relevant to a grade 2 topic or subject area.

Know and use various informational text features to locate key facts or information in a text efficiently.

Identify the main purpose of informational text, including what the author wants to answer, explain, or describe

Use information gained from the illustrations and words in a print or digital literary text to demonstrate understanding of its characters, setting, or plot.

Compare and contrast two or more versions of the same story by different authors or from different cultures in a literary text.

Explain how specific images contribute to and clarify an informational text.

Describe how reasons support specific points the author makes in an informational text.

Compare and contrast the most important points presented by two informational texts on the same topic.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literary texts in the grades 2-3 text complexity range proficiently, with scaffolding as needed at the high end of the range.

By the end of year, read and comprehend informational texts, including social studies, science, and technical texts, in the grades 2-3 text complexity range proficiently, with scaffolding as needed at the high end of the range.

Write opinion pieces by introducing the topic or text being discussed, stating an opinion, supplying reasons that support the opinion, using linking words to connect opinion and reasons, and providing a concluding statement or section.

Write informative/explanatory texts by introducing a topic, using facts and definitions to develop points, and providing a concluding statement or section.

Write narratives to recount a well-elaborated event or short sequence of events, including details to describe actions, thoughts, and feelings, and using transitional words to signal event order and provide a sense of closure.

Begins in grade 3.

With guidance and support from adults and collaborative discussions, focus on a topic and strengthen writing as needed by revising and editing.

With guidance and support from adults, use a variety of age-appropriate technologies to produce and publish writing, including collaboration with peers.

Participate in shared research and writing.

Recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question.

Begins in grade 4.

Begins in grade 3.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions.

Build on others' talk in conversations by linking comments to the remarks of others.

Ask for clarification and further explanation as needed about the topics and texts under discussion.

Recount or describe key ideas or details from a text read aloud or information presented orally or through other media.

Ask and answer questions about what a speaker says in order to clarify comprehension, gather additional information, or deepen understanding of a topic or issue.

Tell a story or recount an experience with appropriate facts and relevant, descriptive details; speaking audibly and coherently.

Create audio recordings of stories or poems; add visuals to stories or recounts of experiences when appropriate to clarify ideas, thoughts, and feelings.

Produce complete sentences when appropriate to task and situation in order to provide requested detail or clarification.

Use collective nouns.

Form and use frequently occurring irregular plural nouns.

Use reflexive pronouns.

Form and use the past tense of frequently occurring irregular verbs.

Use adjectives and adverbs and choose between them depending on what is to be modified.

Produce, expand, and rearrange complete simple and compound sentences.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of Standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.<ul><li>Capitalize holidays, product names, and geographic names.</li><li>Use commas in greetings and closings of letters.</li><li>Use an apostrophe to form contractions and frequently occurring possessives.</li><li>Generalize learned spelling patterns when writing words.</li><li>Consult reference materials, including beginning dictionaries, as needed to check and correct spellings.</li></ul>

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.<ul><li>Compare formal and informal uses of English.</li></ul>

Use sentence-level context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Determine the meaning of the new word formed when a known prefix is added to a known word.

Use a known root word as a clue to the meaning of an unknown word with the same root.

Use knowledge of the meaning of individual words to predict the meaning of compound words.

Use glossaries and beginning dictionaries, both print and digital, to determine or clarify the meaning of words and phrases.

Identify real-life connections between words and their use.

Distinguish shades of meaning among closely related verbs and closely related adjectives.

Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading, being read to, and responding to texts; use adjectives and adverbs to describe.

Read grade-level text with purpose and understanding.

Read grade-level prose and poetry orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression on successive readings.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Distinguish long and short vowels when reading regularly spelled one-syllable words.

Know spelling-sound correspondences for additional common vowel teams.

Decode regularly spelled two-syllable words with long vowels.

Decode words with common prefixes and suffixes.

Identify words with inconsistent but common spelling-sound correspondences.

Recognize and read grade-appropriate irregularly spelled words.

Create readable documents with legible print or cursive as developmentally appropriate.

Ask and answer questions to demonstrate understanding of a literary text, referring explicitly to the text as the basis for the answers.

Recount stories, including fables, folktales, and myths from diverse cultures; determine the central idea, lesson, or moral and explain how it is conveyed through key details in the literary text.

Describe characters in a literary story and explain how their actions contribute to the sequence of events.

Ask and answer questions to demonstrate understanding of an informational text, referring explicitly to the text as the basis for the answers.

Determine the main idea of an informational text; recount the key details and explain how they support the main idea.

Describe the relationship between a series of historical events, scientific ideas or concepts, or steps in technical procedures in an informational text, using language that pertains to time, sequence, and cause/effect.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a literary text, distinguishing literal from nonliteral language.

Refer to parts of stories, dramas, and poems when writing or speaking about a literary text, using terms such as chapter, scene, and stanza; describe how each successive part builds on earlier sections.

Distinguish one's point of view from that of the narrator or those of the characters in a literary text.

Determine the meaning of general academic and domain-specific words and phrases in an informational text relevant to a grade 3 topic or subject area.

Use informational text features and search tools to locate information relevant to a given topic efficiently

Distinguish one's own point of view from that of the author of an informational text.

Explain how specific aspects of a literary text's illustrations contribute to what is conveyed by the words in a story.

Compare and contrast the themes, settings, and plots of literary stories written by the same author about the same or similar characters.

Use information gained from illustrations and the words in an informational text to demonstrate understanding of the text.

Describe the logical connection between particular sentences and paragraphs in an informational text.

Compare and contrast the most important points and key details presented in two informational texts on the same topic.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literary texts at the high end of the grades 2-3 text complexity range independently and proficiently.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend informational texts, including social studies, science, and technical texts, at the high end of the grades 2-3 text complexity range independently and proficiently.

Write opinion pieces on topics or texts, supporting a point of view with reasons.<ul><li>Introduce the topic or text being discussed, state an opinion, and create an organizational structure that lists reasons.</li><li>Provide reasons that support the opinion.</li><li>Use linking words and phrases to connect opinion and reasons.</li><li>Provide a concluding statement or section.</li></ul>

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information clearly.<ul><li>Introduce a topic and group related information together; include illustrations when useful to aid comprehension.</li><li>Develop the topic with facts, definitions, and details.</li><li>Use linking words and phrases to connect ideas within categories of information.</li><li>Provide a concluding statement or section.</li></ul>

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, descriptive details, and clear event sequences.<ul><li>Establish a situation and introduce a narrator and/or characters; organize an event sequence that unfolds naturally.</li><li>Use dialogue and descriptions of actions, thoughts, and feelings to develop experiences and events or show the response of characters to situations.</li><li>Use transitional words and phrases to signal event order.</li><li>Provide a sense of closure.</li></ul>

With guidance and support from adults, produce writing in which the development and organization are appropriate to task and purpose.

With guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, and editing to demonstrate command of Language standards up to and including grade 3.

With guidance and support from adults, use technology to produce and publish writing as well as to interact and collaborate with others.

Conduct short research projects that build knowledge about a topic.

Recall information from experiences or gather information from print and digital sources; take brief notes on sources and sort evidence into provided categories.

Begins in grade 4.

Write routinely over extended time frames for research, reflection, and/or revision and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Come to discussions prepared, having read or studied required material; explicitly draw on that preparation and other information known about the topic to explore ideas under discussion.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions.

Ask questions to check understanding of information presented, stay on topic, and link comments to the remarks of others.

Explain ideas and understanding in light of the discussion.

Determine the main ideas and supporting details of a text read aloud or information presented in diverse media and formats, including visually, quantitatively, and orally.

Ask and answer questions about information from a speaker, offering appropriate elaboration and detail.

Report on a topic or text; tell a story or recount an experience with appropriate facts and relevant, descriptive details, speaking audibly and coherently.

Create engaging audio recordings of stories or poems that demonstrate fluid reading at an understandable pace; add visuals when appropriate to emphasize or enhance certain facts or details.

Speak in complete sentences when appropriate to task and situation in order to provide requested detail or clarification.

Explain the function of nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in general and their functions in particular sentences.

Form and use regular and irregular plural nouns.

Use abstract nouns.

Form and use regular and irregular verbs.

Form and use the simple verb tenses.

Ensure subject-verb and pronoun-antecedent agreement.

Form and use comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs, and choose between them depending on what is to be modified.

Use coordinating and subordinating conjunctions.

Produce simple, compound, and complex sentences.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of Standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.<ul><li>Capitalize appropriate words in titles.</li><li>Use commas in addresses.</li><li>Use commas and quotation marks in dialogue.</li><li>Form and use possessives.</li><li>Use conventional spelling for high-frequency words and for adding suffixes to base words.</li><li>Use spelling patterns and generalizations in writing words.</li><li>Consult reference materials, including beginning dictionaries, as needed to check and correct spellings.</li></ul>

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.<ul><li>Choose words and phrases for effect.</li><li>Recognize and observe differences between the conventions of spoken and written Standard English.</li></ul>

Use sentence-level context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Determine the meaning of the new word formed when a known affix is added to a known word.

Use a known root word as a clue to the meaning of an unknown word with the same root.

Use glossaries or beginning dictionaries, both print and digital, to determine or clarify the precise meaning of key words and phrases.

Distinguish the literal and nonliteral meanings of words and phrases in context.

Identify real-life connections between words and their use.

Distinguish shades of meaning among related words that describe states of mind or degrees of certainty (e.g., knew, believed, suspected, heard, and wondered).

Acquire and accurately use grade-appropriate conversational, general academic, and domain-specific words and phrases, including those that signal spatial and transitional relationships.

Read grade-level text with purpose and understanding.

Read grade-level prose and poetry orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression on successive readings.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Identify and know the meaning of the most common prefixes and derivational suffixes.

Decode words with common Latin suffixes.

Decode multi-syllable words.

Read grade-appropriate irregularly spelled words.

Write legibly in cursive or joined italics, allowing margins and correct spacing between letters in a word and words in a sentence.

Refer to details and examples in a literary text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences from the text.

Determine a theme of a story, drama, or poem from details in the literary text; summarize the text.

Describe in depth a character, setting, or event in a story or drama, drawing on specific details in the literary text.

Refer to details and examples in an informational text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences from the text.

Determine the central idea of an informational text and explain how it is supported by key details; summarize the text.

Explain events, procedures, ideas, or concepts in a historical, scientific , or technical text, including what happened and why, based on specific information in the informational text.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a literary text, including words that allude to significant characters such as those found in mythology.

Explain major differences between poems, drama, and prose; refer to the structural elements of poems and drama when writing or speaking about a literary text.

Compare and contrast the point of view from which different literary texts are narrated, including the difference between first- and third-person narrations.

Determine the meaning of general academic and domain-specific words or phrases in an informational text relevant to a grade 4 topic or subject area.

Describe the overall structure of events, ideas, concepts, or information in all or part of an informational text.

Compare and contrast a firsthand and secondhand account of the same event or topic; describe the differences in the focus and information provided in these informational texts.

Make connections between the text of a story or drama and a visual or oral presentation of the literary text, identifying where specific descriptions and directions in the text are reflected in the visual or oral presentation.

Compare and contrast the treatment of similar themes and topics and patterns of events in stories, myths, traditional literature, and literary text from different cultures.

Interpret information presented visually orally or quantitatively and explain how the information contributes to an understanding of the informational text in which it appears.

Explain how an author uses reasons and evidence to support particular points in an informational text.

Integrate information from two informational texts on the same topic in order to write or speak about the subject knowledgeably.

By the end of the year read and comprehend literary texts in the grades 4-5 text complexity range proficiently, with scaffolding as needed at the high end of the range.

By the end of the year read and comprehend informational texts, including social studies, science and technical texts, in the grades 4-5 text complexity range proficiently, with scaffolding as needed at the high end of the range.

Write opinion pieces on topics or texts, supporting a point of view with reasons and information.<ul><li>Introduce a topic or text clearly, state an opinion, and create an organizational structure in which related ideas are grouped to support the writer's purpose.</li><li>Provide reasons that are supported by facts and details.</li><li>Link opinion and reasons using words and phrases (e.g., for instance, in order to, or in addition).</li><li>Provide a concluding statement or section related to the opinion presented.</li></ul>

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information clearly.<ul><li>Introduce a topic clearly and group related information in paragraphs and sections; include formatting, illustrations, and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension.</li><li>Develop the topic with facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples related to the topic.</li><li>Link ideas within categories of information using words and phrases (e.g., another, for example, also, or because).</li><li>Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.</li><li>Provide a concluding statement or section related to the information or explanation presented.</li></ul>

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, descriptive details, and clear event sequences.<ul><li>Orient the reader by establishing a situation and introducing a narrator and/or characters; organize an event sequence that unfolds naturally.</li><li>Use dialogue and description to develop experiences and events or show the responses of characters to situations.</li><li>Use a variety of transitional words and phrases to manage the sequence of events.</li><li>Use concrete words and phrases and sensory details to convey experiences and events precisely.</li><li>Provide a conclusion that follows from the narrated experiences or events.</li></ul>

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development and organization are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

With guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, and editing to demonstrate command of Language standards up to and including grade 4.

With some guidance and support from adults, use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing as well as to interact and collaborate with others.

Conduct short research projects that build knowledge through investigation of different aspects of a topic.

Recall relevant information from experiences or gather relevant information from print and digital sources; take notes and categorize information and provide a list of sources.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts and apply grade-level Reading standards to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Write routinely over extended time frames for research, reflection, and/or revision and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Come to discussions prepared, having read or studied required material; explicitly draw on that preparation and other information known about the topic to explore ideas under discussion.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions and carry out assigned roles.

Pose and respond to specific questions to clarify or follow up on information and make comments that contribute to the discussion and link to the remarks of others.

Review the key ideas expressed and explain ideas and understanding in light of the discussion.

Paraphrase portions of a text read aloud or information presented in diverse media and formats, including visually, quantitatively, and orally.

Identify the reasons and evidence a speaker provides to support particular points.

Report on a topic or text, tell a story, or recount an experience in an organized manner, using appropriate facts and relevant, descriptive details to support main ideas or themes; speak clearly at an understandable pace.

Add audio recordings and visuals to presentations when appropriate to enhance the development of main ideas or themes.

Differentiate between contexts that call for formal English and situations where informal discourse is appropriate; demonstrating command of grade 4 Language standards and using formal English when appropriate to task and situation.

Use relative pronouns.

Form and use the progressive verb tenses.

Use modal auxiliaries to convey various conditions (e.g., can, may, or must).

Order adjectives within sentences according to conventional patterns.

Form and use prepositional phrases.

Produce complete sentences, recognizing and correcting inappropriate fragments and run-ons.

Correctly use frequently confused words.

Use correct capitalization.

Use commas and quotation marks to mark direct speech and quotations from a text.

Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction in a compound sentence.

Spell grade-appropriate words correctly, consulting references as needed.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.<ul><li>Choose words and phrases to convey ideas precisely.</li><li>Choose punctuation for effect.</li><li>Differentiate between contexts that call for formal English and situations where informal discourse is appropriate.</li></ul>

Use context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use common, grade-appropriate Greek and Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word.

Consult reference materials, both print and digital, to find the pronunciation and determine or clarify the precise meaning of key words and phrases.

Explain the meaning of simple similes and metaphors in context.

Recognize and explain the meaning of common idioms, adages, and proverbs.

Demonstrate understanding of words by relating them to their antonyms and to their synonyms.

Acquire and accurately use grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases, including those that signal precise actions, emotions, or states of being and that are basic to a particular topic.

Read grade-level text with purpose and understanding.

Read grade-level prose and poetry orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Use combined knowledge of all letter-sound correspondences, syllabication patterns, and morphology (e.g., roots and affixes) to read accurately unfamiliar multisyllabic words in context and out of context.

Write fluidly and legibly in cursive or joined italics.

Quote accurately from a literary text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences from the text.

Determine a theme of a story, drama, or poem from details in a literary text, including how characters in a story or drama respond to challenges or how the speaker in a poem reflects upon a topic; summarize the text.

Compare and contrast two or more characters, settings, or events in a story or drama, drawing on specific details in the literary text.