Pennsylvania K–6 english language arts standards

Utilize book handing skills.

Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print. <ul><li>Follow words left to right, top to bottom, and page by page.</li><li>Recognize that spoken words are represented in written language by specific sequences of letters.</li><li>Understand that words are separated by spaces in print.</li><li>Recognize and name all uppercase and lowercase letters of the alphabet.</li></ul>

Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds (phonemes). <ul><li>Recognize and produce rhyming words.</li><li>Count, pronounce, blend, and segment syllables in spoken words.</li><li>Blend and segment onsets and rimes of single-syllable spoken words.</li><li>Isolate and pronounce the initial, medial vowel, and final sound (phonemes) in the three-phoneme (CVC) words.</li></ul>

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words. <ul><li>Demonstrate basic knowledge of one-to-one letter-sound correspondence.</li><li>Associate the long and short sounds with common spellings for the five major vowels.</li><li>Read grade-level high-frequency sight words with automaticity.</li><li>Distinguish between similarly spelled words by identifying the sounds of the letters that differ.</li></ul>

Read emergent-reader text with purpose and understanding.

With prompting and support, identify the main idea and retell key details of text.

With prompting and support, answer questions about key details in a text.

With prompting and support, make a connection between two individuals, events, ideas, or pieces of information in a text.

Identify parts of a book (title, author) and parts of a text (beginning, end, details).

With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about unknown words in a text.

Answer questions to describe the relationship between illustrations and the text in which they appear.

With prompting and support, identify the reasons an author gives to support points in a text.

With prompting and support, identify basic similarities and differences between two texts (read or read aloud) on the same topic.

Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading, and being read to, and responding to texts.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown or multiple-meaning words and phrases based upon grade-level reading and content.

Actively engage in group reading activities with purpose and understanding.

With prompting and support, retell familiar stories including key details.

Answer questions about key details in a text.

With prompting and support, identify characters, settings, and major events in a story.

Name the author and illustrator of a story and define the role of each in telling the story.

Recognize common types of text.

Ask and answer questions about unknown words in a text.

Make connections between the illustrations and the text in a story (read or read aloud).

Compare and contrast the adventures and experiences of characters in familiar stories.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown or multiple-meaning words and phrases based upon grade-level reading and content.

Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading, and being read to, and responding to texts.

Actively engage in group reading activities with purpose and understanding.

Use a combination of drawing, dictating, and writing to compose informative/explanatory texts.

Use a combination of drawing, dictating, and writing to focus on one specific topic.

With prompting and support, generate ideas and details to convey information that relates to the chosen topic.

Make logical connections between drawing and dictation/writing.

With prompting and support, illustrate using details and dictate/write using descriptive words.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling. <ul><li>Capitalize the first word in a sentence and the pronoun I.</li><li>Recognize and use end punctuation.</li><li>Spell simple words phonetically</li></ul>

Use a combination of drawing, dictating, and writing to compose opinion pieces on familiar topics.

Form an opinion by choosing between two given topics.

Support the opinion with reasons.

Make logical connections between drawing and writing.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling. <ul><li>Capitalize the first word in a sentence and the pronoun I.</li><li>Recognize and use end punctuation.</li><li>Spell simple words phonetically.</li></ul>

Use a combination of drawing, dictating, and writing to compose narratives that describe real or imagined experiences or events.

Establish who and what the narrative will be about.

Describe experiences and events.

Recount a single event or several loosely linked events, tell about the events in the order in which they occurred, and provide a reaction to what happened.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling. <ul><li>Capitalize first word in sentence and pronoun I.</li><li>Recognize and use end punctuation.</li><li>Spell simple words phonetically.</li></ul>

With guidance and support from adults and peers, respond to questions and suggestions from peers and add details to strengthen writing as needed.

With guidance and support, explore a variety of digital tools to produce and publish writing or in collaboration with peers.

Participate in individual or shared research projects on a topic of interest.

With guidance and support, recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question.

Write routinely over short time frames.

Participate in collaborative conversations with peers and adults in small and larger groups.

Ask and answer questions about key details in a text read aloud or information presented orally or through other media.

Ask and answer questions in order to seek help, get information, or clarify something that is not understood.

Share stories, familiar experiences, and interests, speaking clearly enough to be understood by all audiences using appropriate volume.

Speak audibly and express thoughts, feelings, and ideas clearly.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English when speaking, based on kindergarten level and content.

Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print. <ul><li>Recognize the distinguishing features of a sentence.</li></ul>

Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds (phonemes). <ul><li>Distinguish long from short vowel sounds in spoken single-syllable words.</li><li>Count, pronounce, blend, and segment syllables in spoken and written words.</li><li>Orally produce single-syllable words, including consonant blends and digraphs</li><li>Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel, and final sounds (phonemes) in spoken single-syllable words.</li><li>Add or substitute individual sounds (phonemes) in one-syllable words to make new words.</li></ul>

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words. <ul><li>Identify common consonant diagraphs, final-e, and common vowel teams.</li><li>Decode one- and two-syllable words with common patterns.</li><li>Read grade-level words with inflectional endings.</li><li>Read grade-appropriate irregularly spelled words.</li></ul>

Read with accuracy and fluency to support comprehension. <ul><li>Read on-level text with purpose and understanding.</li><li>Read on-level text orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression on successive readings.</li><li>Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.</li></ul>

Identify the main idea and retell key details of text.

Ask and answer questions about key details in a text.

Describe the connection between two individuals, events, ideas, or pieces of information in a text.

Use various text features and search tools to locate key facts or information in a text.

Ask and answer questions to help determine or clarify the meaning of words and phrases in a text.

Use the illustrations and details in a text to describe its key ideas.

Identify the reasons an author gives to support points in a text.

Identify basic similarities in and differences between two texts on the same topic.

Vocabulary Acquisition and Use phrases acquired through conversations, reading, and being read to, and responding to texts, including words that signal connections and relationships between the words and phrases.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade-level reading and content.

Read and comprehend literary nonfiction and informational text on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Retell stories, including key details, and demonstrate understanding of their central message or lesson.

Ask and answer questions about key details in a text.

Describe characters, settings, and major events in a story, using key details.

Identify who is telling the story at various points in a text.

Explain major differences between books that tell stories and books that give information, drawing on a wide reading or range of text types.

Identify words and phrases in stories or poems that suggest feelings or appeal to the senses.

Use illustrations and details in a story to describe characters, setting, or events.

Compare and contrast the adventures and experiences of characters in stories.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade-level reading and content.

Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading, and being read to, and responding to texts, including words that signal connections and relationships between the words and phrases.

Read and comprehend literature on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information.

Identify and write about one specific topic.

Develop the topic with two or more facts.

Group information and provide some sense of closure.

Choose words and phrases for effect.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling. <ul><li>Capitalize dates and names of people.</li><li>Use end punctuation; use commas in dates and words in series.</li><li>Spell words drawing on common spelling patterns, phonemic awareness, and spelling conventions.</li></ul>

Write opinion pieces on familiar topics.

Form an opinion by choosing among given topics.

Support the opinion with reasons related to the opinion.

Create an organizational structure that includes reasons and provides some sense of closure.

Use a variety of words and phrases.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling. <ul><li>Capitalize dates and names of people.</li><li>Use end punctuation; use commas in dates and words in series.</li><li>Spell words drawing on common spelling patterns, phonemic awareness, and spelling conventions.</li></ul>

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events.

Establish who and what the narrative will be about.

Include thoughts and feelings to describe experiences and events.

Recount two or more appropriately sequenced events using temporal words to signal event order and provide some sense of closure.

Use a variety of words and phrases.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling. <ul><li>Capitalize dates and names of people.</li><li>Use end punctuation; use commas in dates and words in series.</li><li>Spell words drawing on common spelling patterns, phonemic awareness, and spelling conventions.</li></ul>

With guidance and support from adults and peers, focus on a topic, respond to questions and suggestions from peers and add details to strengthen writing as needed.

With guidance and support, use a variety of digital tools to produce and publish writing including in collaboration with peers.

Participate in individual or shared research and writing projects.

With guidance and support, recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question.

Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Participate in collaborative conversations with peers and adults in small and larger groups.

Confirm understanding of a text read aloud or information presented orally or through other media by asking and answering questions about key details and requesting clarification if something is not understood.

Ask and answer questions about what a speaker says in order to gather additional information or clarify something that is not understood.

Describe people, places, things, and events with relevant details, expressing ideas and feelings clearly.

Produce complete sentences when appropriate to task and situation.

Add drawings or other visual displays when sharing aloud to clarify ideas, thoughts, and feelings.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English when speaking, based on Grade 1 level and content.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words. <ul><li>Distinguish long and short vowels when reading regularly spelled one-syllable words.</li><li>Decode two-syllable words with long vowels and words with common prefixes and suffixes.</li><li>Read grade-level high-frequency sight words and words with inconsistent but common spelling-sound correspondences.</li><li>Read grade-appropriate irregularly spelled words.</li></ul>

Read with accuracy and fluency to support comprehension. <ul><li>Read on-level text with purpose and understanding.</li><li>Read on-level text orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression on successive readings.</li><li>Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.</li></ul>

Identify the main idea of a multiparagraph text as well as the focus of specific paragraphs within the text.

Ask and answer questions such as who, what, where, when, why, and how to demonstrate understanding of key details in a text.

Describe the connection between a series of events, concepts, or steps in a procedure within a text.

Use various text features and search tools to locate key facts or information in a text efficiently.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in grade-level text including multiple-meaning words.

Explain how graphic representations contribute to and clarify a text.

Describe how reasons support specific points the author makes in a text.

Compare and contrast the most important points presented by two texts on the same topic.

Acquire and use grade-appropriate conversational, general academic, and domain-specific words and phrases.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade-level reading and content, choosing from a range of strategies and tools.

Read and comprehend literary nonfiction and informational text on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Recount stories and determine their central message, lesson, or moral.

Ask and answer questions such as who, what, where, when, why, and how to demonstrate understanding of key details in a text.

Describe how characters in a story respond to major events and challenges.

Acknowledge differences in the points of views of characters, including by speaking in a different voice for each character when reading dialogue aloud.

Describe the overall structure of a story, including describing how the beginning introduces the story and the ending concludes the action.

Describe how words and phrases supply rhythm and meaning in a story, poem, or song.

Use information from illustrations and words, in print or digital text, to demonstrate understanding of characters, setting, or plot.

Compare and contrast two or more versions of the same story by different authors or from different cultures.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade-level reading and content, choosing from a range of strategies and tools.

Acquire and use grade-appropriate conversational, general academic, and domain-specific words and phrases.

Read and comprehend literature on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information clearly.

Identify and introduce the topic.

Develop the topic with facts and/or definitions.

Group information and provide a concluding statement or section.

Choose words and phrases for effect.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling. <ul><li>Capitalize proper nouns.</li><li>Use commas and apostrophes appropriately.</li><li>Spell words drawing on common spelling patterns.</li><li>Consult reference material as needed.</li></ul>

Write opinion pieces on familiar topics or texts.

Identify the topic and state an opinion.

Support the opinion with reasons that include details connected to the opinion.

Create an organizational structure that includes reasons and includes a concluding statement.

Use a variety of words and phrases to appeal to the audience.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling. <ul><li>Capitalize proper nouns.</li><li>Use commas and apostrophes appropriately.</li><li>Spell words drawing on common spelling patterns.</li><li>Consult reference material as needed.</li></ul>

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events.

Establish a situation and introduce a narrator and/or characters.

Include thoughts and feelings to describe experiences and events to show the response of characters to situations.

Organize a short sequence of events, using temporal words to signal event order; provide a sense of closure.

Choose words and phrases for effect.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling. <ul><li>Capitalize proper nouns.</li><li>Use commas and apostrophes appropriately.</li><li>Spell words drawing on common spelling patterns.</li><li>Consult reference material as needed.</li></ul>

With guidance and support from adults and peers, focus on a topic and strengthen writing as needed by revising and editing.

With guidance and support, use a variety of digital tools to produce and publish writing including in collaboration with peers.

Participate in individual or shared research and writing projects.

Recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question.

Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Participate in collaborative conversations with peers and adults in small and larger groups.

Recount or describe key ideas or details from a text read aloud or information presented orally or through other media.

Ask and answer questions about what a speaker says in order to clarify comprehension, gather additional information, or deepen understanding of a topic or issue.

Tell a story or recount an experience with appropriate facts and relevant, descriptive details, speaking audibly in coherent sentences.

Produce complete sentences when appropriate to task and situation in order to provide requested detail or clarification.

Add drawings or other visual displays to presentations when appropriate to clarify ideas, thoughts, and feelings.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English when speaking, based on Grade 2 level and content.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words. <ul><li>Identify and know the meaning of the most common prefixes and derivational suffixes.</li><li>Decode words with common Latin suffixes.</li><li>Decode multisyllable words.</li><li>Read grade-appropriate irregularly spelled words.</li></ul>

Read with accuracy and fluency to support comprehension. <ul><li>Read on-level text with purpose and understanding.</li><li>Read on-level text orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression on successive readings.</li><li>Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.</li></ul>

Determine the main idea of a text; recount the key details and explain how they support the main idea.

Ask and answer questions about the text and make inferences from text; refer to text to support responses.

Explain how a series of events, concepts, or steps in a procedure is connected within a text, using language that pertains to time, sequence, and cause/effect.

Explain the point of view of the author.

Use text features and search tools to locate and interpret information.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in grade-level text, distinguishing literal from nonliteral meaning as well as shades of meaning among related words.

Use information gained from text features to demonstrate understanding of a text.

Describe how an author connects sentences and paragraphs in a text to support particular points.

Compare and contrast the most important points and key details presented in two texts on the same topic.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate conversational, general academic, and domain-specific words and phrases, including those that signal spatial and temporal relationships.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade-level reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies and tools.

Read and comprehend literary nonfiction and informational text on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Determine the central message, lesson, or moral in literary text; explain how it is conveyed in text.

Ask and answer questions about the text and make inferences from text, referring to text to support responses.

Describe characters in a story and explain how their actions contribute to the sequence of events.

Explain the point of view of the author.

Refer to parts of texts when writing or speaking about a text using such terms as chapter, scene, and stanza and describe how each successive part builds upon earlier sections.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in grade-level text, distinguishing literal from nonliteral meaning as well as shades of meaning among related words.

Explain how specific aspects of a text's illustrations contribute to what is conveyed by the words in a story (e.g., create mood, emphasize aspects of a character or setting).

Compare and contrast the themes, settings, and plots of stories written by the same author about the same or similar characters.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade-level reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies and tools.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate conversational, general academic, and domain-specific words and phrases, including those that signal spatial and temporal relationships.

Read and comprehend literary fiction on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information clearly.

Identify and introduce the topic.

Develop the topic with facts, definitions, details, and illustrations, as appropriate.

Create an organizational structure that includes information grouped and connected logically with a concluding statement or section.

Choose words and phrases for effect.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Write opinion pieces on familiar topics or texts.

Introduce the topic and state an opinion on the topic.

Support an opinion with reasons.

Create an organizational structure that includes reasons linked in a logical order with a concluding statement or section.

Use a variety of words and sentence types to appeal to the audience.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events.

Establish a situation and introduce a narrator and/or characters.

Use dialogue and descriptions of actions, thoughts, and feelings to develop experiences and events or show the response of characters to situations.

Organize an event sequence that unfolds naturally, using temporal words and phrases to signal event order; provide a sense of closure.

Choose words and phrases for effect.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research, applying grade-level reading standards for literature and informational texts.

With guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, and editing.

With guidance and support, use technology to produce and publish writing (using keyboarding skills) as well as to interact and collaborate with others.

Conduct short research projects that build knowledge about a topic.

Recall information from experiences or gather information from print and digital sources; take brief notes on sources and sort evidence into provided categories.

Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions on grade-level topics and texts, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly.

Determine the main ideas and supporting details of a text read aloud or information presented in diverse media formats, including visually, quantitatively, and orally.

Ask and answer questions about information from a speaker, offering appropriate detail.

Report on a topic or text, tell a story, or recount an experience with appropriate facts and relevant, descriptive details; speak clearly with adequate volume, appropriate pacing, and clear pronunciation.

Speak in complete sentences when appropriate to task and situation in order to provide requested detail or clarification.

Create engaging audio recordings of stories or poems that demonstrate fluid reading at an understandable pace; add visual displays when appropriate to emphasize or enhance certain facts or details.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English when speaking, based on Grade 3 level and content.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words. <ul><li>Use combined knowledge of all letter-sound correspondences, syllabication patterns, and morphology to read accurately unfamiliar multisyllabic words.</li></ul>

Read with accuracy and fluency to support comprehension. <ul><li>Read on-level text with purpose and understanding.</li><li>Read on-level text orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression on successive readings.</li><li>Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.</li></ul>

Determine the main idea of a text and explain how it is supported by key details; summarize the text.

Refer to details and examples in text to support what the text says explicitly and make inferences.

Explain events, procedures, ideas, or concepts in a text, including what happened and why, based on specific information in the text.

Compare and contrast an event or topic told from two different points of view.

Use text structure to interpret information (e.g., chronology, comparison, cause/effect, problem/solution).

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in grade-level text, including figurative language.

Interpret various presentations of information within a text or digital source and explain how the information contributes to an understanding of text in which it appears.

Explain how an author uses reasons and evidence to support particular points in a text.

Integrate information from two texts on the same topic to demonstrate understanding of that topic.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate conversational, general academic, and domain-specific words and phrases, including those that signal precise actions, emotions, or states of being and that are basic to a particular topic.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade-level reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies and tools.

Read and comprehend literary nonfiction and informational text on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Cite textual evidence by quoting accurately from the text to explain what the text says explicitly and make inferences.

Determine a theme of a text from details in the text; summarize the text.

Cite relevant details from text to support what the text says explicitly and make inferences.

Describe in depth a character, setting, or event in a story or drama, drawing on specific details in the text.

Compare and contrast an event or topic told from two different points of view.

Explain major differences between poems, drama, and prose and refer to the structural elements of each when writing or speaking about a text.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in grade-level text, including figurative language.

Make connections between the text of a story or drama and a visual or oral presentation of the text, identifying where each version reflects specific descriptions and directions in the text.

Compare and contrast similar themes, topics, and patterns of events in literature, including texts from different cultures.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade-level reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies and tools.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate conversational, general academic, and domain-specific words and phrases, including those that signal precise actions, emotions, or states of being and that are basic to a particular topic.

Read and comprehend literary fiction on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information clearly.

Identify and introduce the topic clearly.

Develop the topic with facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples related to the topic; include illustrations and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension.

Group related information in paragraphs and sections, linking ideas within categories of information using words and phrases; provide a concluding statement or section; include formatting when useful to aiding comprehension.

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Write opinion pieces on topics or texts.

Introduce the topic and state an opinion on the topic.

Provide reasons that are supported by facts and details.

Create an organizational structure that includes related ideas grouped to support the writer's purpose and linked in a logical order with a concluding statement or section related to the opinion.

Choose words and phrases to convey ideas precisely.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events.

Orient the reader by establishing a situation and introducing a narrator and/or characters.

Use dialogue and descriptions to develop experiences and events or show the responses of characters to situations; use concrete words and phrases and sensory details to convey experiences and events precisely.

Organize an event sequence that unfolds naturally, using a variety of transitional words and phrases to manage the sequence of events; provide a conclusion that follows from the narrated experiences and events.

Choose words and phrases to convey ideas precisely.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research, applying grade-level reading standards for literature and informational texts.

With guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, and editing.

With some guidance and support, use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing as well as to interact and collaborate with others; demonstrate sufficient command of keyboarding skills to type a minimum of one page in a single sitting.

Conduct short research projects that build knowledge through investigation of different aspects of a topic.

Recall relevant information from experiences or gather relevant information from print and digital sources; take notes and categorize information, and provide a list of sources.

Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions on grade-level topics and texts, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly.

Paraphrase portions of a text read aloud or information presented in diverse media and formats, including visually, quantitatively, and orally.

Identify the reasons and evidence a speaker provides to support particular points.

Report on a topic or text, tell a story, or recount an experience in an organized manner, using appropriate facts and relevant, descriptive details to support main ideas or themes; speak clearly with adequate volume, appropriate pacing, and clear pronunciation.

Differentiate between contexts that require formal English versus informal situations.

Add audio recordings and visual displays to presentations when appropriate to enhance the development of main ideas or themes.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English when speaking, based on Grade 4 level and content.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words. <ul><li>Use combined knowledge of all letter-sound correspondences, syllabication patterns, and morphology to read accurately unfamiliar multisyllabic words.</li></ul>

Read with accuracy and fluency to support comprehension. <ul><li>Read on-level text with purpose and understanding.</li><li>Read on-level text orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression on successive readings.</li><li>Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.</li></ul>

Determine two or more main ideas in a text and explain how they are supported by key details; summarize the text.

Explain the relationships or interactions between two or more individuals, events, ideas, or concepts in a text based on specific information in the text.

Analyze multiple accounts of the same event or topic, noting important similarities and differences in the point of view they represent.

Use text structure, in and among texts, to interpret information (e.g., chronology, comparison, cause/effect, problem/solution).

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in grade-level text, including interpretation of figurative language.

Draw on information from multiple print or digital sources, demonstrating the ability to locate an answer to a question quickly or to solve a problem efficiently.

Determine how an author supports particular points in a text through reasons and evidence.

Integrate information from several texts on the same topic to demonstrate understanding of that topic.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate conversational, general academic, and domain-specific words and phrases, including those that signal contrast, addition, and other logical relationships.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade-level reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies and tools.

Read and comprehend literary nonfiction and informational text on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Determine a theme of a text from details in the text, including how characters in a story or drama respond to challenges or how the speaker in a poem reflects upon a topic; summarize the text.

Cite textual evidence by quoting accurately from the text to explain what the text says explicitly and make inferences.

Compare and contrast two or more characters, settings, or events in a story or drama, drawing on specific details in the text.

Analyze multiple accounts of the same event or topic, noting important similarities and differences in the point of view they represent.

Explain how a series of chapters, scenes, or stanzas fits together to provide the overall structure of a particular story, drama, or poem.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in grade-level text, including interpretation of figurative language.

Analyze how visual and multimedia elements contribute to the meaning, tone, or beauty of a text (e.g., graphic novel, multimedia presentation of fiction, folktale, myth, poem).

Compare and contrast texts in the same genre on their approaches to similar themes and topics as well as additional literary elements.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade-level reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies and tools.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate conversational, general academic, and domain-specific words and phrases, including those that signal contrast, addition, and other logical relationships.

Read and comprehend literary fiction on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information clearly.

Identify and introduce the topic clearly.

Develop the topic with facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples related to the topic; include illustrations and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension.

Group related information logically linking ideas within and across categories of information using words, phrases, and clauses; provide a concluding statement or section; include formatting when useful to aiding comprehension.

Write with an awareness of style. <ul><li>Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.</li><li>Use sentences of varying length.</li></ul>

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Introduce the topic and state an opinion on the topic.

Provide reasons that are supported by facts and details; draw from credible sources.

Create an organizational structure that includes related ideas grouped to support the writer's purpose; link opinion and reasons using words, phrases, and clauses; provide a concluding statement or section related to the opinion.

Write with an awareness of style. <ul><li>Use sentences of varying length.</li><li>Expand, combine, and reduce sentences for meaning, reader/listener interest, and style.</li></ul>

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events.

Orient the reader by establishing a situation and introducing a narrator and/or characters.

Use narrative techniques such as dialogue, description, and pacing, to develop experiences and events or show the responses of characters to situations; use concrete words and phrases and sensory details to convey experiences and events precisely.

Organize an event sequence that unfolds naturally, using a variety of transitional words and phrases to manage the sequence of events; provide a conclusion that follows from the narrated experiences and events.

Write with an awareness of style. <ul><li>Use sentences of varying length.</li><li>Expand, combine, and reduce sentences for meaning, reader/listener interest, and style.</li></ul>

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research, applying grade-level reading standards for literature and informational texts.

With guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach.

With some guidance and support, use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing as well as to interact and collaborate with others; demonstrate sufficient command of keyboarding skills to type a minimum of two pages in a single sitting.

Conduct short research projects that use several sources to build knowledge through investigation of different aspects of a topic.

Recall relevant information from experiences or gather relevant information from print and digital sources; summarize or paraphrase information in notes and finished work, and provide a list of sources.

Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Write opinion pieces on topics or texts.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions on grade-level topics and texts, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly.

Summarize the main points of written text read aloud or information presented in diverse media and formats, including visually, quantitatively, and orally.

Summarize the points a speaker makes and explain how each claim is supported by reasons and evidence.

Report on a topic or present an opinion, sequencing ideas logically and using appropriate facts and relevant, descriptive details to support main ideas or themes; speak clearly with adequate volume, appropriate pacing, and clear pronunciation.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, using formal English when appropriate to task and situation.